Pediatric Hypersomnia (Excessive Daytime Sleepiness)

What are the different types of Pediatric Hypersomnia (Excessive Daytime Sleepiness)?

Primary hypersomnia

This type of disorder is also known as idiopathic hypersomnia and has not identifiable cause.

Secondary hypersomnia

This is the result of another cause, such as lack of sleep or medical problems, including sleep apnea

What are the signs and symptoms of Pediatric Hypersomnia (Excessive Daytime Sleepiness)?

The main symptom of hypersomnia in children is excessive drowsiness, often after sleeping for 10 or more hours at night.

Other symptoms of hypersomnia include:

• Awaking confused or disoriented

• Need for daytime naps (that don't relieve the sleepiness)

• Need for naps at inconvenient times (such as during school)

• Trouble waking from long sleeps

Less common symptoms may include:

• Anxiety or irritation

• Loss of appetite

• Restlessness

• Slow speech, or trouble thinking

How is Pediatric Hypersomnia (Excessive Daytime Sleepiness) diagnosed?

While excessive daytime sleepiness is common in adolescents and adults, it is rare in children. Idiopathic hypersomnia is more unusual still—affecting less than one percent of the population.

Your child's doctor will perform a physical exam to rule out medical conditions that may be behind her excessive sleepiness. The physician may want older kids to keep a sleep diary for a week or more before recommending a sleep test. The following sleep tests can help diagnose hypersomnia in children:

• Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT): An MSLT measures the speed at which your child enters a deep sleep over several two-hour periods. Kids with hypersomnia usually fall asleep quickly (in less than 10 minutes). A multiple sleep latency test is one of the best ways to detect hypersomnia in children.

• Sleep Study (Polysomnography): A sleep study can rule out other sleep disorders that may be behind the excessive daytime sleepiness. If the first test is normal, your child may need to come back for a second polysomnogram. If the sleep specialist still can't find another cause, he may diagnose hypersomnia.

What are the causes of Pediatric Hypersomnia (Excessive Daytime Sleepiness)?

• Primary hypersomnia has no identifiable cause.

• Secondary hypersomnia in children can be caused by infections, kidney problems or disorders such as myotonic dystrophy. Research is ongoing, but idiopathic hypersomnia may be the result of problems with the brain's sleep-wake cycle. It may also be caused by atypical depression.

How is Pediatric Hypersomnia (Excessive Daytime Sleepiness) treated?

If your child has a medical condition causing her excessive daytime sleepiness, she will need to be treated for that first. The following behavioral changes can help kids with both primary and secondary hypersomnia:

• Avoiding caffeinated beverages before bedtime

• Using blackout shades

• Avoiding naps during the day or, alternately, encouraging scheduled naps to regulate sleep patterns

Idiopathic hypersomnia

It is important to note there are currently no approved treatments for idiopathic hypersomnia. However, behavioral changes can be an effective way to treat idiopathic hypersomnia. Your child should have a regular sleep schedule and a comfortable bed and pillows in a quiet room.

Secondary hypersomnia

The following medications are most often used to treat a secondary hypersomnia:

• Stimulants: Stimulants are amphetamine derivatives that can prevent your child from napping during the day. Stimulants usually prescribed include dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate (Ritalin). Stimulants may have harmful side effects, such as aggressiveness, dependence and heart problems.

• Wake-inducing medications: Medications such as modafinil and armodafinil may influence brain chemistry and stimulate wakefulness. They are not stimulants. Side effects of modafinil and armodafinil include headache and a potentially life-threatening rash.

• Sodium oxybate: Sodium oxybate is a drug that your child takes at bedtime (and again during the night). It promotes deep sleep, which can reduce excessive daytime sleepiness in some patients.